1 bromopropane to 2 bromopropane

nucleophilic substitution - halogenoalkanes and hydroxide ions THE NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS BETWEEN HALOGENOALKANES AND HYDROXIDE IONS This page gives you the facts and simple, uncluttered mechanisms for the nucleophilic substitution reactions between halogenoalkanes and hydroxide ions (from, for example, sodium hydroxide). If you want the mechanisms explained to you in detail, there is a link at the bottom of the page. The reaction of primary halogenoalkanes with hydroxide ions Important! If you aren't sure about the difference between essential that you follow this link before you go on. Use the BACK button on your browser to return to this page. The facts If a halogenoalkane is heated under reflux with a solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide, the halogen is replaced by -OH and an alcohol is produced. Heating under reflux means heating with a condenser placed vertically in the flask to prevent loss of volatile substances from the mixture. The solvent is usually a 50/50 mixture of ethanol and water, because everything will dissolve in that. The halogenoalkane is insoluble in water. If you used water alone as the solvent, the halogenoalkane and the sodium hydroxide solution wouldn't mix and the reaction could only happen where the two layers met. For example, using 1-bromopropane as a typical primary halogenoalkane: You could write the full equation rather than the ionic one, but it slightly obscures what's going on: The bromine (or other halogen) in the hal...

How the following conversions can be carried out? (i) Propene to propan-1-ol (ii) Ethanol to but-1-yne (iii) 1-Bromopropane to 2-bromopropane (iv) Toluene to benzyl alcohol (v) Benzene to 4-bromonitrobenzene (vi) Benzyl alcohol to 2-phenylethanoic acid (vii) Ethanol to propanenitrile (viii) Aniline to chlorobenzene (ix) 2-Chlorobutane to 3, 4-dimethylhexane (x) 2-Methyl-1-propene to 2-chloro-2-methylpropane (xi) Ethyl chloride to propanoic acid (xii) But-1-ene to n-butyliodide (xiii) 2-Chloropropane to 1-propanol (xiv) Isopropyl alcohol to iodoform (xv) Chlorobenzene to p-nitrophenol (xvi) 2-Bromopropane to 1-bromopropane (xvii) Chloroethane to butane (xviii) Benzene to diphenyl (xix) tert-Butyl bromide to isobutyl bromide (xx) Aniline to phenylisocyanide