Amrita virtual lab screw gauge

Use of Vernier Calipers (i)To measure the diameter of a small spherical / cylindrical body. (ii)To measure the length, width and height of the given rectangular block. (iii)To measure the internal diameter and depth of a given beaker/calorimeter and hence find its volume. To find the downward force, along an inclined plane, acting on a roller due to gravitational pull of the earth and study its relationship with the angle of inclination () by plotting graph between force and sin θ To find the weight of a given body using parallelogram law of vectors. To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling curve. To find the speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube by two resonance positions. Determine Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a given wire Use of screw gauge:(i) to measure diameter of a given wire and (ii) to measure thickness of a given sheet. To plot L-T and L-T2 graphs using a simple pendulum and thus find the; Effective length of the second's pendulum using the appropriate graph. Acceleration due to gravity. To measure the thickness of a glass strip and to determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface. To find the mass of the given body by sensibility method, using a beam balance. To study the relationship between force of limiting friction and normal reaction and to find the co-efficient of friction between a block and a horizontal surface To find the force constant ...

AIM: To find the elastic constants of the Perspex beam using Cornus interference method. 1. Young’s modulus(Y) 2. Poisons ratio (σ) 3. Bulk modulus (b) APPARATUS Sodium vapor lamp, transparent beam, convex lens, travelling microscope, two knife edges, a set of weights, weight holders and a mirror. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP Consider a rectangular Perspex beam of length 'L',breadth 'a' and thickness 'b'.A Plano convex lens is placed over the beam. Weight hanger is placed at both ends in which mass can be added. Knife edges were placed at a distance ‘l’ from both weight hangers. A light source is used to illuminate the arrangement. THEORY An air film is obtained between convex lens and Perspex beam. The light is made to fall normally on the air film with the help of a glass plate on the arrangement. The interference fringes formed is viewed by means of travelling microscope. Without adding any mass in the weight hanger we get circular rings. But as we uniformly add mass on the weight hangers the beam bends and we get elliptical fringes. During bending, an extension is caused on the upper surface and compression on the lower surface. Let R1 be the longitudinal radius of curvature of the beam. The internal bending moment caused by extension of the surface above the bar and compression below the bar is given by where , Y is the young’s modulus A=ab, is the cross sectional area of bar ,the radius of gyration for rectangular cross section. In equilibrium condition the internal bending m...

Procedure for simulator Controls Startbutton: To start the experiment. Switch on:To switch on the Laser. Select Fiber:To select the type of fiber used. Select Laser:To select a different laser source. Detector distance (Z):Use the slider to vary the distance between the source and detector. (ie toward the fiber or away from the fiber. Detector distance(x):Use the slider to change the detector distance i.e towards left or right w.r.t the fiber. Show Graph:To Displays the graph. Reset:To resets the experimental arrangement. Preliminary Adjustment • Drag and drop each apparatus in to the optical table as shown in the figure below. Fig (4) • Then Click “Start” button. • Switch On (now you can see a spot in the middle of the detector) • After that select the Fiber and Laser for performing the experiment from the control options. To perform the experiment • Set the detector distance Z (say 4mm).We referred the distance as “d” in our calculation. • Vary the detector distance X by an order of 0.5mm, using the screw gauge (use up and down arrow on the screw gauge to rotate it). • Measure the detector reading from output unit and tabulate it. • Plot the graph between X in x-axis and output reading in y-axis. See figure 5. • Find the radius of the spot r, which is corresponding to Imax/2.71 (See the figure 5). Fig (5) • Then find the numerical aperture of the optic fiber using the equation (4). Observation column SL No. Screw gauge reading Distance (X) mm I µA H.S.R P.S.R Calculation...

Aim To find the Young's modulus of the given material bar by non uniform bending using pin and microscope method. Apparatus Pin and Microscope arrangement, Scale ,Vernier calipers, Screw gauge, Weight hanger, Material bar or rod. Theory Young’s modulus is named after Thomas Young,19th century ,British scientist. In solid mechanics, Young’s modulus is defines as the ratio of the longitudinal stress over longitudinal strain, in the range of elasticity the Hook’s law holds (stress is directly proportional to strain). It is a measure of stiffness of elastic material. If a wire of length L and area of cross-section 'a' be stretched by a force F and if a change (increase) of length 'l' is produced, then Non Uniform Bending Using Pin and Microscope Here the given beam(meter scale) is supoorted symmetrically on two knife edges and loaded at its centre. The maximum depression is produced at its centre. Since the load is applied only one point of the beam, the bending is not uniform through out the beam and the bending of the beam is called non- uniform bending. In non-uniform bending (central loading), the Young's modulus of the material of the bar is given by (1) I is the moment of inertia of the bar. For a rectangular bar , Substituting (4) in (3) In non uniform bending, the young’s modulus of the material of the bar is given by, (2) m - Mass loaded for depression. g - Acceleration due to gravity. l - Length between knife edges. b - Breadth of the bar using vernier calipers. d - ...

Determination of one anion in a given salt. Anions - Co32-, S2-, SO3 2-, SO4 2-, NO- 2, NO- 3, C1-, Br-, I-, PO3- 4, C2O2- 4, CH3COO- 1.Bunsen Burner 2.Wash-bottle 3.Bending a glass tube 4. Drawing a glass jet 5.Boring a cork Determination of melting point of an organic compound. To prepare a standard solution and determine the strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against the standard solution prepared. To prepare the crystals of the given substances (Copper sulphate,Potash alum ,Benzoic acid) form their impure samples through crystallization. To determine the boiling point of an organic compound. To study the shift of equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocyanate ions by increasing the concentration of either of them. Our objective is to determine the pH of the given sample using; (a)pH paper (b)Universal indicator Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, bromine and iodine by Lassaigne's Test. Determination of one cation in a given salt. Cations: Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+,A 3l, Fe3+,Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+,NH+4 Preparation of (250 mL of 0.1M) Standard Solution of Oxalic Acid Study the Shift in Equilibrium between Ferric ions and Thiocyanate ions To understand the process of shift in equilibrium between [Co (H2O)6] 2+ and chloride ions by changing the concentration of either of the ions Study the Process of Filtration

With the new Laser He-Ne (described in the diffraction grating. We propose, in particular, to measure the pitch of the grating through the measurement of the diffraction produced on the He-Ne laser beam. The Diffraction Grating When a collimated beam of light passes through an aperture, or if it encounters an obstacle, it spreads out and the resulting pattern contains bright and dark regions. This effect is called diffraction, and it is characteristic of all wave phenomena. It can be understood by considering the interference between different parts of the wavefront, which was altered in passing through the aperture. The angle of of diffraction is of order λ / d with λ the wavelength and d the dimension of the aperture. Thus, for visible light, apertures in the range 10-100 μm produce easily resolved diffraction patterns. The diffraction phenomena has been treated in the post If instead of a single slit, two slits are illuminated by a plane wavefront, a series of interference fringes parallel to the slits will appear on a far screen, as shown in the image below. This is the classical experiment of Thomas Young (1800). If the spacing between the slits is d and the width of the slits b is greater than the wavelength, the Fraunhofer diffraction equation gives the intensity of the diffracted light as: Where the sinc function is defined as sinc( x) = sin( x)/( x) for x ≠ 0, and sinc(0) = 1. The sinc function includes the effects of diffraction due to the width of the slits. If ...

Our Objective Our objective is to use the screw gauge; • To measure the diameter of the given lead shot. • To measure the diameter of a given wire and find its volume. • To measure the thickness of a given glass plate and find its volume. • To measure the volume of an irregular lamina. The Theory The screw gauge is an instrument used for measuring accurately the diameter of a thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a U-shaped frame fitted with a screwed spindle which is attached to a thimble. Parallel to the axis of the thimble, a scale graduated in mm is engraved. This is called pitch scale. A sleeve is attached to the head of the screw. The head of the screw has a ratchet which avoids undue tightening of the screw. On the thimble there is a circular scale known as head scale which is divided into 50 or 100 equal parts. When the screw is worked, the sleeve moves over the pitch scale. A stud with a plane end surface called the anvil is fixed on the ‘U’ frame exactly opposite to the tip of the screw. When the tip of the screw is in contact with the anvil, usually, the zero of the head scale coincides with the zero of the pitch scale. Pitch of the Screw Gauge The pitch of the screw is the distance moved by the spindle per revolution. To find this, the distance advanced by the head scale over the pitch scale for a definite number of complete rotation of the screw is determined. The pitch can be represented as; Least Count of the Screw Gauge The Least co...