Atp synthesis through chemiosmosis

ATP Synthesis ATP or adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of cells or living organisms. It is required for various cellular activities such as active transport of ions, muscle contraction, cell signalling, synthesis of biomolecules, etc. ATP is primarily synthesised in the cellular respiration process. ATP is synthesised by the oxidation of respiratory substrates such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc. The oxidation of these results in energy production, which is stored in the form of high energy bonds in ATP. Glucose is the main energy source in living organisms. During the process of aerobic respiration, the catabolism of glucose takes place in three steps, which are glycolysis, Most ATP formation takes place in the electron transport chain by oxidative phosphorylation. The enzyme ATP synthase catalyses the synthesis of ATP. ATP Synthesis Pathways Glycolysis Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration occurring in all living organisms. Some anaerobic organisms and also some mammalian cells depend only on this process for fulfilling their energy needs. It is a multi-step enzyme catalysed process, where glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen. It occurs in two phases, the first phase is the preparatory phase where 2 molecules of ATPs are utilised and the second phase is the payoff phase where ATPs are produced. In glycolysis, there is a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH per glucose...

\( \newcommand\): Chemiosmosis demo This is a direct evidence that a gradient of protons can be harnessed to the synthesis of ATP.

\( \newcommand\) • • Learning Outcomes • Summarize the electron transport chain. • Recognize that electron transport chain is the third and final stage of aerobic cellular respiration. • Identify the products of the citric acid cycle. What do trains, trucks, boats, and planes all have in common? They are ways to transport. And they all use a lot of energy. To make ATP, energy must be "transported" - first from glucose to NADH, and then somehow passed to ATP. How is this done? With an electron transport chain, the third stage of aerobic respiration. This third stage uses energy to make energy. The Electron Transport Chain: ATP for Life in the Fast Lane At the end of the Krebs Cycle, energy from the chemical bonds of glucose is stored in diverse energy carrier molecules: four ATPs, but also two FADH\(_2\) and ten NADH molecules. The primary task of the last stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, is to transfer energy from the electron carriers to even more ATP molecules, the "batteries" which power work within the cell. Pathways for making ATP in stage 3 of aerobic respiration closely resemble the electron transport chains used in photosynthesis. In both electron transport chains, energy carrier molecules are arranged in sequence within a membrane so that energy-carrying electrons cascade from one to another, losing a little energy in each step. In both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, the energy lost is harnessed to pump hydrogen ions into a com...

11 Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics • Introduction • 11.1 The Functions of Genetic Material • 11.2 DNA Replication • 11.3 RNA Transcription • 11.4 Protein Synthesis (Translation) • 11.5 Mutations • 11.6 How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity • 11.7 Gene Regulation: Operon Theory • Summary • 14 Antimicrobial Drugs • Introduction • 14.1 History of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Discovery • 14.2 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy • 14.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs • 14.4 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs • 14.5 Drug Resistance • 14.6 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials • 14.7 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery • Summary • 23 Urogenital System Infections • Introduction • 23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract • 23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System • 23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System • 23.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System • 23.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System • 23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System • Summary • 24 Digestive System Infections • Introduction • 24.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System • 24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity • 24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • 24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • 24.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • 24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • Summary • 25 Circulatory and Lymphatic System...

Q. Match the terms to these definitions. Fermentation, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, chemiosmosis, acetyl CoA, electron transport system, ATP, cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, combustion. .......... The synthesis of ATP via electron flow through the ETS, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.

\( \newcommand\): Chemiosmosis demo This is a direct evidence that a gradient of protons can be harnessed to the synthesis of ATP.

Q. Match the terms to these definitions. Fermentation, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, chemiosmosis, acetyl CoA, electron transport system, ATP, cellular respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation, combustion. .......... The synthesis of ATP via electron flow through the ETS, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.

11 Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics • Introduction • 11.1 The Functions of Genetic Material • 11.2 DNA Replication • 11.3 RNA Transcription • 11.4 Protein Synthesis (Translation) • 11.5 Mutations • 11.6 How Asexual Prokaryotes Achieve Genetic Diversity • 11.7 Gene Regulation: Operon Theory • Summary • 14 Antimicrobial Drugs • Introduction • 14.1 History of Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Discovery • 14.2 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy • 14.3 Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs • 14.4 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs • 14.5 Drug Resistance • 14.6 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials • 14.7 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery • Summary • 23 Urogenital System Infections • Introduction • 23.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract • 23.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System • 23.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System • 23.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System • 23.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System • 23.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System • Summary • 24 Digestive System Infections • Introduction • 24.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System • 24.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity • 24.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • 24.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • 24.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • 24.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract • Summary • 25 Circulatory and Lymphatic System...

\( \newcommand\) • • Learning Outcomes • Summarize the electron transport chain. • Recognize that electron transport chain is the third and final stage of aerobic cellular respiration. • Identify the products of the citric acid cycle. What do trains, trucks, boats, and planes all have in common? They are ways to transport. And they all use a lot of energy. To make ATP, energy must be "transported" - first from glucose to NADH, and then somehow passed to ATP. How is this done? With an electron transport chain, the third stage of aerobic respiration. This third stage uses energy to make energy. The Electron Transport Chain: ATP for Life in the Fast Lane At the end of the Krebs Cycle, energy from the chemical bonds of glucose is stored in diverse energy carrier molecules: four ATPs, but also two FADH\(_2\) and ten NADH molecules. The primary task of the last stage of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain, is to transfer energy from the electron carriers to even more ATP molecules, the "batteries" which power work within the cell. Pathways for making ATP in stage 3 of aerobic respiration closely resemble the electron transport chains used in photosynthesis. In both electron transport chains, energy carrier molecules are arranged in sequence within a membrane so that energy-carrying electrons cascade from one to another, losing a little energy in each step. In both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, the energy lost is harnessed to pump hydrogen ions into a com...

ATP Synthesis ATP or adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency of cells or living organisms. It is required for various cellular activities such as active transport of ions, muscle contraction, cell signalling, synthesis of biomolecules, etc. ATP is primarily synthesised in the cellular respiration process. ATP is synthesised by the oxidation of respiratory substrates such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc. The oxidation of these results in energy production, which is stored in the form of high energy bonds in ATP. Glucose is the main energy source in living organisms. During the process of aerobic respiration, the catabolism of glucose takes place in three steps, which are glycolysis, Most ATP formation takes place in the electron transport chain by oxidative phosphorylation. The enzyme ATP synthase catalyses the synthesis of ATP. ATP Synthesis Pathways Glycolysis Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration occurring in all living organisms. Some anaerobic organisms and also some mammalian cells depend only on this process for fulfilling their energy needs. It is a multi-step enzyme catalysed process, where glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis does not require oxygen. It occurs in two phases, the first phase is the preparatory phase where 2 molecules of ATPs are utilised and the second phase is the payoff phase where ATPs are produced. In glycolysis, there is a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH per glucose...