Classification of anemia

Anemia Classification Sample • EDTA blood is needed. • For RBC morphology, a direct smear is preferred.` • Bone marrow is also advised. • Also, a bone biopsy may be needed. Definition of Anemia • Anemia is defined as a decrease in hemoglobin concentration depending upon the patient’s age and sex. • The diagnostic criteria are low hemoglobin, low hematocrit (Hct), or decreased RBC count. Criteria for the anemia Criteria for the anemia: • Hemoglobin: • Male = Hb 95% Hb A2 α2 / δ2 <3.5% Hb F α2 / γ2 <1 to 2% Role of hemoglobin in O2 transport (Hb/O2 dissociation curve): • The RBCs carry O2 from the lung to the tissue and bring CO2 in the venous blood to the lung. • This is dependent upon the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). • When the O2 is unloaded, the β-chain of Hb has pulled apart, permitting the entry of the metabolites 2,3-DPG resulting in a lower affinity of the molecule for O2. Hemoglobin’s role in oxygen / CO 2 transport • O2 saturation is an indicator of the % of Hb saturated with O2. • When 92% to 100% of the Hb carries O2, the tissues adequately provide the O2 supply, which means normal O2 dissociation. • Normally O2 exchange takes place: • 95% saturated arterial blood with a mean arterial O2 tension of 95 mmHg. • 70% saturated venous blood with a mean venous O2 tension of 40 mmHg. • So the curve’s normal position depends upon the concentration of 2,3-DPG, H+ ions, and CO2 in the RBCs and the Hb molecule structure. RBC (Hemoglobin) role in oxygenation • This main...

Anemia is a hemoglobin (Hb) level two standard deviations below the mean for the age and sex of the patient. Reference ranges vary between laboratories. The World Health Organization defines anemia as: World Health Organization. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993-2005. 2008 [internet publication]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241596657 Hb 2%): the proportion of circulating reticulocytes increases as part of a compensatory response to increased destruction or loss of RBCs. The cause is usually acute blood loss or hemolysis. • Hypoproliferative (reticulocyte count 100 femtoliters [fL]); subclassified as: • Megaloblastic: a deficiency of DNA production or maturation resulting in the appearance of large immature RBCs (megaloblasts) and hypersegmented neutrophils in the circulation. • Nonmegaloblastic: encompasses all other causes of macrocytic anemia in which DNA synthesis is normal. Megaloblasts and hypersegmented neutrophils are absent. [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia From the collection of Dr Robert Zaiden; used with permission [Citation ends]. [Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: Classification of anemia: MCV, mean corpuscular volume; fL, femtoliters Created by the BMJ Knowledge Centre [Citation ends]. • Trauma • Acute gastrointestinal bleeding • Rupture of a vascular aneurysm • Surgery • Menorrhagia • Iron deficiency • Vitamin B12 deficiency • Folate deficiency • Myelod...

A World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid neoplasms has recently been published. This classification was developed through the collaborative efforts of the Society for Hematopathology, the European Association of Hematopathologists, and more than 100 clinical hematologists and scientists who are internationally recognized for their expertise in hematopoietic neoplasms. For the lymphoid neoplasms, this classification provides a refinement of the entities described in the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) Classification—a system that is now used worldwide. To date, however, there has been no published explanation or rationale given for the WHO classification of the myeloid neoplasms. The purpose of this communication is to outline briefly the WHO classification of malignant myeloid diseases, to draw attention to major differences between it and antecedent classification schemes, and to provide the rationale for those differences. Acute myeloid leukemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities Acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21)(q22;q22), ( AML1/ETO) Acute myeloid leukemia with abnormal bone marrow eosinophils and inv(16)(p13q22) or t(16;16)(p13;q22), ( CBFβ/MYH11) Acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(15;17)(q22;q12), ( PML/RARα) and variants Acute myeloid leukemia with 11q23 ( MLL) abnormalities Acute myeloid leukemia with multilineage dysplasia Following MDS or MDS/MPD Without antecedent MDS or MDS/MPD, but with dysplasia in at least ...

Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the haemoglobin concentration within them is lower than normal. Haemoglobin is needed to carry oxygen and if you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or not enough haemoglobin, there will be a decreased capacity of the blood to carry oxygen to the body’s tissues. This results in symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, dizziness and shortness of breath, among others. The optimal haemoglobin concentration required to meet physiologic needs varies by age, sex, elevation of residence, smoking habits and pregnancy status. Anaemia may be caused by several factors: nutrient deficiencies through inadequate diets or inadequate absorption of nutrients, infections (e.g. malaria, parasitic infections, tuberculosis, HIV), inflammation, chronic diseases, gynaecological and obstetric conditions, and inherited red blood cell disorders. The most common nutritional cause of anaemia is iron deficiency, although deficiencies in folate, vitamins B12 and A are also important causes. Anaemia is a serious global public health problem that particularly affects young children, menstruating adolescent girls and women, and pregnant and postpartum women. WHO estimates that 40% of children 6–59 months of age, 37% of pregnant women, and 30% of women 15–49 years of age worldwide are anaemic. Anaemia can cause a range of non-specific symptoms including tiredness, weakness, dizziness or light-headedness, drowsiness, and shortness of breath, ...

Anemia is a blood disorder, characterized by the reduction in: • • Hemoglobin content • Packed cell volume (PVC). Generally, reduction in RBC count, • Decreased production of RBC • Increased destruction of RBC • Excess loss of blood from the body. All of these instances are either brought on by inherited illnesses or by outside influences including poor food, infections, and exposure to medications and poisons. PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF ANEMIA Anemia is classified by two methods: • Morphological classification • Etiological classification. MORPHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Red blood cells’ size and color are used to classify morphology. The mean corpuscular volume determines RBC size (MCV). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration determines color (MCHC). This approach classifies the four forms of anemia (Table 14.1). 1. Normocytic Normochromic Anemia The size (MCV) and color (MCHC) of RBCs are normal. But the number of RBCs is less. 2. Macrocytic Normochromic Anemia RBCs are larger in size with normal color. RBC count is less. 3. Macrocytic Hypochromic Anemia RBCs are larger in size. MCHC is less, so the cells are pale (less colored). 4. Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia RBCs are smaller in size with less color. ETIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION On the basis of etiology (study of cause or origin), anemia is divided into five types. • Hemorrhagic anemia • Hemolytic anemia • Nutrition deficiency anemia • Aplastic anemia • Anemia of chronic diseases. Type of anemia Size of RBC (MCV) ...