Demography

Demography is a branch of social sciences that deals with the population of humans, changes in the population, and their interactions with the environment, political factors, as well as socio-economic factors. It is also concerned with the growth and distribution of populations in cities, countries, and continents. The word “demography” is derived from two Greek words “Demos” and “Graphy” which mean “people” and “science” respectively. Thus, the literal meaning of the word is the “science of people.” A synonym of demography is population studies. There are two categories of demography namely micro demography and macro demography. Indicators of Demography The demographics indicators include population size, crude death rate, population growth rate, population density, infant mortality rate, total fertility rate, crude birth rate, and life expectancy. The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1000 people in a year whereas the crude death rate is the yearly annual number of deaths per 1000 people. On the other hand, the infant mortality rates are the annual number of deaths of children aged less than a year old per 1000 of those born alive. The life expectancy is a measure that interests many people. It refers to the number of years that a human being can live in relation to the current mortality rates. Another measure of demography is the total fertility rate which refers to the number of live births per woman in their reproductive life. Population growth rate me...

9 Social Stratification in the United States • Introduction • 9.1 What Is Social Stratification? • 9.2 Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States • 9.3 Global Stratification and Inequality • 9.4 Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification • Key Terms • Section Summary • Section Quiz • Short Answer • Further Research • References • 11 Race and Ethnicity • Introduction • 11.1 Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups • 11.2 Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity • 11.3 Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism • 11.4 Intergroup Relationships • 11.5 Race and Ethnicity in the United States • Key Terms • Section Summary • Section Quiz • Short Answer • Further Research • References • 19 Health and Medicine • Introduction • 19.1 The Social Construction of Health • 19.2 Global Health • 19.3 Health in the United States • 19.4 Comparative Health and Medicine • 19.5 Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine • Key Terms • Section Summary • Section Quiz • Short Answer • Further Research • References • Learning Objectives By the end of this section, you should be able to: • Explain demographic measurements like fertility and mortality rates • Describe a variety of demographic theories, such as Malthusian, cornucopian, zero population growth, and demographic transition theories • Evaluate current population trends and patterns • Differentiate between an internally displaced person, an asylum-seeker, and a refugee Figure 20.3 At nearly 8 billion, Earth’s populatio...

Population 334,233,854 (est. 2023) Density 86.16/sq mi (33.27/km 2) Growth rate 0.4% (2022) Birth rate 11.0 births/1,000 population (2021) Death rate 10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2021) Life expectancy 76.1 years (2021) • male 73.2 years (2021) • female 79.1 years (2021) Fertility rate 1.665 children born/woman (2022) Infant mortality rate 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2020) Net migration rate 3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020) Age structure Under 18 years 22.2% (2021) 18–44 years 35.9% (2021) 45–64 years 25.2% (2021) 65 and over 16.8% (2021) Language Official No official language at national level. Spoken • (primary language at home) • • Other • • Other 0.8% Source: The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century – at a growth rate of about 1.3% a year – from about 76 million in 1900 to 281 million in 2000. As of 2020, In 2020, it was reported that 51.0% of births were to non-Hispanic white mothers. The 12 month ending general fertility rate increased from 56.6 to 57.0 in 2022 Q1 compared to 2021 Q4. Contents • 1 Population • 1.1 Age and sex distribution • 1.2 Birth rate • 1.3 Death rate • 1.4 Total fertility rate • 1.5 Mother's mean age at first birth • 1.6 Dependency ratio • 1.7 Life expectancy • 1.8 Life tables • 1.9 Density • 1.10 Growth rate • 1.11 Births and fertility by race • 1.11.1 U.S.-born people • 1.11.2 Percent of births to White Non-Hispanic women that were their 8th+ child, by US state, in 2021 • 1.12 Immigration • 2 Vital statistics • 2.1 U...

Demography refers to the systematic, statistical study and analysis of the population. It tries to understand the dynamics, trends, and processes of the population by focusing its attention on certain demographic processes such as birth, migration, aging, and death. These processes contribute to the population change and the trends that we find in the population such as the sex ratio, which is the number of females per 1000 males and other such trends. Demography is derived out of two words, demos meaning people and graphic meaning to describe and thus is known as the study or description of the population. Further, it may be defined as either formal, which is concerned more with the quantification and measurement of the processes of the population and interpreting population size and growth, etc. Or it is social which refers to the field of demography, which is concerned with the economic, political and social aspects of the population. Demographic data is often collected in the form that is easily quantifiable, such as census or survey. Both are concerned with the systematic collection of data. In India census was conducted for the first time between 1867-72 by the British Indian Government, after which regular census began to be conducted every ten years post 1881. In order to understand the demographic processes better, we must understand certain basic concepts which are often the focus of the study of demography as they help us understand better the changes in the pop...