Diabetes mellitus nursing diagnosis

Diagnosis If you experience a diabetic coma, it is very important that it's diagnosed as soon as possible. The emergency medical team will do a physical exam and may ask those who are with you about your medical history. If you have diabetes, it's a good idea to wear a medical identification bracelet or necklace. Treatment Diabetic coma requires emergency medical treatment. The type of treatment depends on whether your blood sugar level is too high or too low. High blood sugar If your blood sugar level is too high, you may need: • Intravenous fluids to restore water to your body • Potassium, sodium or phosphate supplements to help your cells work correctly • Insulin to help your body absorb the glucose in your blood • Treatment for any infections Low blood sugar If your blood sugar level is too low, you may be given a shot of glucagon. This will cause your blood sugar level to quickly rise. Intravenous dextrose also may be given to raise blood glucose levels. Preparing for your appointment A diabetic coma is a medical emergency that you won't have time to prepare for. If you feel symptoms of extremely high or low blood sugar, call 911 or your local emergency number to make sure help is on the way before you pass out. If you're with someone with diabetes who has passed out or is acting strange, possibly as if they have had too much alcohol, call for immediate medical help. What you can do in the meantime If you have no training in diabetes care, wait for the emergency care ...

Diabetic neuropathy is a peripheral nervous system pathology caused by Even though the exact etiology of diabetic neuropathy is unknown, uncontrolled high blood sugar leads to microvascular damage causing poor oxygen and nutrient delivery to the nerves. Distal sensory and autonomic fiber damage may progress until there is a gradual loss of sensation in the skin and tissues. Autonomic neuropathy damages internal organs such as the heart, digestive system, sexual organs, sweat glands, and more. Patients may experience changes in bowel habits, sexual dysfunction, Focal neuropathy affects one nerve at a time, most often in the hand, chest, or leg. Entrapped nerves, such as with carpal tunnel syndrome, are the most common focal neuropathy. Patient history may be used as a solid basis for detecting diabetic neuropathy. Doctors may also recommend electromyography and nerve conduction studies if severe or rapidly progressive symptoms or motor weakness exist. Nursing Process Nurses should conduct frequent assessments of symptoms to prevent Nursing Care Plans Related to Diabetic Neuropathy Unstable Blood Glucose Uncontrolled glucose levels increase the incidence of complications. Nursing Diagnosis: Related to: • Insufficient adherence to diabetes management • Inadequate blood glucose monitoring • Deficient knowledge of the disease process • Changes in weight • Change in activity level • As evidenced by: • Frequent urination • Increased thirst • Tingling sensation/numbness in feet • ...

Table of contents • • • • • • Unstable blood glucose levels There are different kinds of sugars. “Glucose” is what our body utilizes most. Other sugars we eat, like fructose from fruit or lactose from milk, are converted into glucose in our bodies and used for energy. Our bodies also break down starches, which are sugars stuck together, into glucose. Serum glucose is transported from the intestines or liver to body cells via the bloodstreamand is made available for cell absorption via the hormone Hyperglycemia or elevated blood glucose levels may occur in a variety of clinical situations. Hypoglycemia, otherwise, occurs most often as the result of excess An important part of managing blood glucose levels, as well as the overall health of a person, is maintaining a healthy weight through a healthy diet and exercise plan. Common Causes Here are some factors or conditions that may lead put patients at risk for unstable blood glucose: • Lack of knowledge of • Developmental level • Imbalance of activity • Inadequate blood glucose monitoring • Insulin deficiency or excess • Nonadherence to the therapeutic regimen for diabetes Goals and Outcomes The following are the common goals and expected outcomes: • The patient has a blood glucose reading of less than 180 mg/dL; Nursing Assessment and Rationales Assessment is important to identify potential problems that may have led to changes in blood glucose levels as well as handle any conflict that may appear during nursing care. 1. Ass...

Pathophysiology Diabetes Mellitus is when blood glucose (sugar in the blood) is unable to move into the cells and helps in the making of ATP…AKA energy. The body makes insulin to assist with this process. Insulin is a hormone that allows the sugar in the blood to move across the cell wall so the body can use it to produce ATP. There are two types of diabetes. Type I and Type II. Type I is an autoimmune disorder where the cells attack the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Thus, the body is producing very little or no insulin leaving the sugar in the blood and the cells starve. Type II is when the cells don’t respond to the insulin trying to get sugar into them, called insulin resistance. Thus, the sugar stays in the blood and the cells starve. Etiology The cause for Type I diabetes is unknown but hypothesized to be potentially genetic or triggered by a virus. The cause for Type II diabetes is caused by a storm of events culminating such as weight gain, lack of activity, genetics, and stress levels. Desired Outcome Blood sugar control with minimal side effects. Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plan Subjective Data: • Hyperglycemia: BG >180 mg/dL • Polydipsia • Polyphagia • Polyuria • Blurred vision • Dry mouth • Increased tiredness • Leg pain • Nausea/Vomiting Hypoglycemia: <70 mg/dL • Confusion • Weakness • Numbness around the mouth • Nervousness/Anxiety • Hungry • Headaches • Nightmares • Groggy Objective Data: Hyperglycemia: • -Hot and Dry, Sugar High. Hypoglycemia: ...

Fluid Volume Deficit Nursing Care Plans Diagnosis and Interventions Fluid Volume Deficit NCLEX Review and Nursing Care Plans Deficient fluid volume, also referred to as Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD), hypovolemia, and even dehydration, is a state in which the fluid volume homeostasis is disturbed due to various factors such as blood loss or body fluid and electrolyte loss. Causes of Deficient Fluid Volume Common causes of deficient fluid volume may be classified into renal and extrarenal causes. Renal causes include diuretic excess, mineralocorticoid deficiency, ketonuria, osmotic diuresis, cerebral salt wasting syndrome, and salt-wasting nephropathies; and extrarenal causes which include vomiting, Risk Factors to Deficient Fluid Volume Risk factors to deficient fluid volume are diseases that lead to disturbance of fluid volume homeostasis, which include vomiting, diarrhea, kidney diseases, or decreased blood clotting ability. Note that these are just risk factors and not all people who exhibit these will develop hypovolemia. Signs and Symptoms of Deficient Fluid Volume Managing deficiency in fluid volume is an important part of patient care especially those patients who are inpatient, in which specific management must be adjusted according to patient needs. No universal protocol exists that fits all patients and thus, to properly care for and manage the fluids of a specific patient, it is important to determine if this patient is • Physiologic Indicators • Weight: The gold st...

Anything below 70 is considered hypoglycemia and anything above 150 is considered hyperglycemia. In this care plan we will be talking about hyperglycemia. In patients who have a high blood sugar the classic three P’s will present such as polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Uncontrolled diabetes is mostly common caused by patient knowledge deficient of not knowing how to manage their diabetes properly. Many patients lack the knowledge about diet regimes, how to give insulin properly, sliding scale dosages, common signs and symptoms of high blood sugar, dosing insulin when sick, and how insulin works. It is the nurses responsibility to educate the patient about diabetes. Some doctors will educate the patient but many times this falls to the nurse. Remember that uncontrolled diabetes can lead to blindness, peripheral vascular disease, and heart problems. Below is a nursing care plan with diagnosis and nursing interventions/goals for patients with diabetes. What are nursing care plans? How do you develop a nursing care plan? What This care plan is listed to give an example of how a Nurse (LPN or RN) may plan to treat a patient with those conditions. Important Disclosure: Please keep in mind that these care plans are listed for Example/Educational purposes only, and some of these treatments may change over time. Do not treat a patient based on this care plan. Care Plans are often developed in different formats. The formatting isn’t always important, and care plan formatting m...

What is Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder in which the body is unable to process carbohydrates, fats, and proteins due to an ineffective use of insulin within the body. This then results in high blood glucose levels in the bloodstream. Types of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1– This type of diabetes is believed to be due to an autoimmune reaction in the body that prevents the body from producing insulin Type 2– This type of diabetes develops over time. It is the result of the body’s inability to use the insulin it produces in a manner that allows for normal blood glucose levels. Gestational Diabetes – This form of diabetes develops during Prediabetes– This form is a stage in which blood glucose levels are higher than the normal range but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prediabetes is a fasting blood glucose level of 100-125mg/dL. Hypoglycemia Causes of Hypoglycemia There are a variety of circumstances that could cause an individual’s blood glucose level to become low including: taking too much insulin, not eating enough carbohydrates, timing of insulin administration, physical activity, alcohol, weather (hot/humid), puberty, or menstruation Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycemia The following signs and symptoms can be associated with hypoglycemia: elevated heart rate, report of palpitations, shaking, sweating, state of nervousness/anxiousness, Hyperglycemia Causes of Hyperglycemia Hyperglycemia can be the result of vario...

Table of contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • What is Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes mellitus (DM)is a chronic disease characterized by insufficient Classifications of diabetes mellitus include • Type 1 diabetes is characterized by destruction of the pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency including latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood. • Types 2 diabetes is characterized by progressive loss of pancreatic beta cells and involves insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. • Specific types of diabetes due to other causes such as monogenic diabetes syndromes (neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young), diseases affecting the exocrine pancreas ( • The criteria for the screening and diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes are as follows: Prediabetes Diabetes A1C 5.7-6.4% 6.5% or greater FPG 100-125 mg/dL 126 mg/dL or greater 2-hour plasma glucose 75-g OGTT 140-199 mg/dL 200 mg/dL or greater Random plasma glucose – 200 mg/dL or greater Nursing Care Plans and Management Nursing care planning goals for patients withdiabetes include effective treatment to normalize blood glucose levels and decrease complications using insulin replacement, a balanced diet, and exercise. The Nursing Problem Priorities The following are the nursing priorities for patients with diabetes: • Glycemic control. Managing and maintaining blood glucose levels through medicati...

Pathophysiology Diabetes Mellitus is when blood glucose (sugar in the blood) is unable to move into the cells and helps in the making of ATP…AKA energy. The body makes insulin to assist with this process. Insulin is a hormone that allows the sugar in the blood to move across the cell wall so the body can use it to produce ATP. There are two types of diabetes. Type I and Type II. Type I is an autoimmune disorder where the cells attack the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Thus, the body is producing very little or no insulin leaving the sugar in the blood and the cells starve. Type II is when the cells don’t respond to the insulin trying to get sugar into them, called insulin resistance. Thus, the sugar stays in the blood and the cells starve. Etiology The cause for Type I diabetes is unknown but hypothesized to be potentially genetic or triggered by a virus. The cause for Type II diabetes is caused by a storm of events culminating such as weight gain, lack of activity, genetics, and stress levels. Desired Outcome Blood sugar control with minimal side effects. Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Care Plan Subjective Data: • Hyperglycemia: BG >180 mg/dL • Polydipsia • Polyphagia • Polyuria • Blurred vision • Dry mouth • Increased tiredness • Leg pain • Nausea/Vomiting Hypoglycemia: <70 mg/dL • Confusion • Weakness • Numbness around the mouth • Nervousness/Anxiety • Hungry • Headaches • Nightmares • Groggy Objective Data: Hyperglycemia: • -Hot and Dry, Sugar High. Hypoglycemia: ...

Fluid Volume Deficit Nursing Care Plans Diagnosis and Interventions Fluid Volume Deficit NCLEX Review and Nursing Care Plans Deficient fluid volume, also referred to as Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD), hypovolemia, and even dehydration, is a state in which the fluid volume homeostasis is disturbed due to various factors such as blood loss or body fluid and electrolyte loss. Causes of Deficient Fluid Volume Common causes of deficient fluid volume may be classified into renal and extrarenal causes. Renal causes include diuretic excess, mineralocorticoid deficiency, ketonuria, osmotic diuresis, cerebral salt wasting syndrome, and salt-wasting nephropathies; and extrarenal causes which include vomiting, Risk Factors to Deficient Fluid Volume Risk factors to deficient fluid volume are diseases that lead to disturbance of fluid volume homeostasis, which include vomiting, diarrhea, kidney diseases, or decreased blood clotting ability. Note that these are just risk factors and not all people who exhibit these will develop hypovolemia. Signs and Symptoms of Deficient Fluid Volume Managing deficiency in fluid volume is an important part of patient care especially those patients who are inpatient, in which specific management must be adjusted according to patient needs. No universal protocol exists that fits all patients and thus, to properly care for and manage the fluids of a specific patient, it is important to determine if this patient is • Physiologic Indicators • Weight: The gold st...