Function of golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is the central organelle mediating protein and lipid transport within the eukaryotic cell. Typically textbooks illustrate the Golgi as something resembling a stack of pita bread. However, this depiction does not adequately illustrate the dynamic nature of the Golgi compartments (called cisternae) or the variety of morphologies the Golgi manifests in different cell types. We can learn a lot by simply asking why these diverse structures even exist. Researchers do not yet fully understand how various Golgi morphologies affect its function. However, scientists are currently using the subtle variations in Golgi morphology among different cell types to ask how proteins move through the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi processes proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before sending them out to the cell. Proteins enter the Golgi on the side facing the ER ( cis side), and exit on the opposite side of the stack, facing the plasma membrane of the cell ( trans side). Proteins must make their way through the stack of intervening cisternae and along the way become modified and packaged for transport to various locations within the cell (Figure 1). The Golgi apparatus cisternae vary in number, shape, and organization in different cell types. The typical diagrammatic representation of three major cisternae (cis, medial, and trans) is actually a simplification. Sometimes additional regions are added to either side, called the cis Golgi network (CGN) and the trans Gol...

• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous • All eukaryotic cells contain an ER. • In animal cells, the ER usually constitutes more than half of the membranous content of the cell. • The ER can be classified in two functionally distinct forms: the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The proximity of the rough ER to the cell nucleus gives the ER unique control over protein processing. The rough ER is able to rapidly send signals to the nucleus when problems in protein synthesis and folding occur and thereby influences the overall rate of protein unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated. The response is adaptive, such that UPR activation triggers reductions in protein synthesis and enhancements in ER protein-folding capacity and ER-associated protein Study the interdependence of a cell's nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus The highly Ernest Fullman, who produced the first electron micrograph of a cell. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Porter and colleagues Helen P. Thompson and Frances Kallman introduced the term endoplasmic reticulum to describe the

Quick look: Golgi apparatus(or complex, or body, or ‘the ‘Golgi’) is found in all plant and animal cells and is the term given to groups of flattened disc-like structures located close to the endoplasmic reticulum. The number of ‘Golgi apparatus’ within a cell is variable. Animal cells tend to have fewer and larger Golgi apparatus. Plant cells can contain as many as several hundred smaller versions. The Golgi apparatus receives proteins and lipids (fats) from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It modifies some of them and sorts, concentrates and packs them into sealed droplets called vesicles. Depending on the contents these are despatched to one of three destinations: Destination 1: within the cell, to organelles called lysosomes. Destination 2: the plasma membrane of the cell Destination 3: outside of the cell. The name behind the apparatus The Golgi apparatus is the only cell organelle to be named after a scientist. The visible characteristics of the organelle were first reported by Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) at a meeting of the Medical Society of Pavia on 19 April 1898 when he named it the ‘internal reticular apparatus’. Debate about the existence of the apparatus continued even after 1913 when the term ‘Golgi apparatus’ was officially given to the ‘internal reticular apparatus’. It was not until 1954 that work in electron microscopy finally put the seal of approval on the existence of the organelle and the eponym ‘the Golgi’, was fully accepted. Going for Golgi. Where is...