Gene

For our feline companions, the vast outdoors offer tantalizing temptations beyond the occasional avian snack. Their lives outdoors are dangerous ones where the threat of infectious diseases and larger predators constantly loom. But when given the chance, cats — whether strays or domesticated pets whose owners allow them to roam free — will, well, breed. While 71% of the estimated 80 million pet cats in the U.S. are kept indoors, the Humane Society of the United States They often live in poor conditions and, due to their predatorial instincts, inflict harm on the local wildlife. Those who find their way to an animal shelter face the additional threat of euthanasia, a sad method for controlling the population. Surgical sterilization has long been another method to stop cats from reproducing, albeit an expensive one. But another method may be on the horizon after Animals: What did the study find? Conducted by researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital, the study found that just one shot of a gene therapy prevented female cats from becoming pregnant for at least two years. Though the study was small — six female cats who received the gene therapy shot were compared to three who did not — only those in the "control" group were able to become pregnant in the two years that researchers studied the animals. The contraceptive shot was of the anti-Müllerian hormone, or AMH, which interferes with the development of egg follicles in the ovaries. Female cats and other mammals natura...

Find out what an organism is and consider which one is the world's smallest The number of genes in an organism’s genome (the entire set of chromosomes) varies significantly between species. For example, whereas the Escherichia coli O157:H7 houses precisely 5,416 genes. Arabidopsis thaliana—the first Mycoplasma genitalium has the fewest number of genes, just 517. A brief treatment of genes follows. For full treatment, see Chemical structure of genes Genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid ( Gene transcription and translation The sequence of bases along a strand of DNA determines the Experiments have shown that many of the genes within the cells of organisms are inactive much or even all of the time. Thus, at any time, in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, it seems that a gene can be switched on or off. The regulation of genes between eukaryotes and prokaryotes differs in important ways. The process by which genes are activated and deactivated in The genes of eukaryotes, which do not have operons, are regulated independently. The series of events associated with gene expression in higher organisms involves multiple levels of regulation and is often influenced by the presence or absence of molecules called Gene mutations

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Genetic mutations are changes to your DNA sequence that happen during cell division when your cells make copies of themselves. Your DNA tells your body how to form and function. Genetic mutations could lead to genetic conditions like cancer, or they could help humans better adapt to their environment over time. Overview What are genetic mutations? A genetic mutation is a change in a sequence of your DNA. Your DNA sequence gives your cells the information they need to perform their functions. If part of your DNA sequence is in the wrong place, isn’t complete or is damaged, you might experience symptoms of a genetic condition. When do genetic mutations happen? Genetic mutations occur during cell division when your cells divide and replicate. There are two types of cell division: • Mitosis: The process of making new cells for your body. During mitosis, your genes instruct your cells to split into two by making a copy of your chromosomes. • Meiosis: The process of making egg and sperm cells for the next generation. During meiosis, chromosomes copy themselves with half the amount of chromosomes as the original (from 46 to 23). That’s how you’re able to get your genetic material equally from each parent. How do genetic mutations happen? Genetic mutations occur during cell division. When your cells divide, they hand-write your body’s instruction manual by copying the original document word for word. There’s a lot of room for error during cell division because your cells might sub...

Enter search terms to find related medical topics, multimedia and more. Advanced Search: • Use “ “ for phrases o [ “pediatric abdominal pain” ] • Use – to remove results with certain terms o [ “abdominal pain” –pediatric ] • Use OR to account for alternate terms o [teenager OR adolescent ] Search A-Z Proteins are probably the most important class of material in the body. Proteins are not just building blocks for muscles, connective tissues, skin, and other structures. They also are needed to make enzymes. Enzymes are complex proteins that control and carry out nearly all chemical processes and reactions within the body. The body produces thousands of different enzymes. Thus, the entire structure and function of the body is governed by the types and amounts of proteins the body synthesizes. Protein synthesis is controlled by genes, which are contained on chromosomes. The phenotype is the actual structure and function of a person’s body. The phenotype is how the genotype manifests in a person—not all the instructions in the genotype may be carried out (or expressed). Whether and how a gene is expressed is determined not only by the genotype but also by the environment (including illnesses and diet) and other factors, some of which are unknown. Genes consist of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA contains the code, or blueprint, used to synthesize a protein. Genes vary in size, depending on the sizes of the proteins for which they code. Each DNA molecule is a long double helix t...