Identification of endocrine glands

[ "article:topic", "authorname:openstax", "pancreas", "adrenal cortex", "adrenal gland", "adrenal medulla", "alpha cell", "anterior pituitary", "atrial natriuretic peptide", "beta cell", "colloid", "endocrine gland", "erythropoietin", "hypophyseal portal system", "islets of Langerhans", "pancreatic islet", "isthmus", "leptin", "parafollicular cell", "parathyroid gland", "pituitary gland", "pituitary", "posterior pituitary", "thymus", "thyroid gland", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby", "licenseversion:40", "program:openstax" ] \( \newcommand\) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Skills to Develop • Describe the role of different glands in the endocrine system • Explain how the different glands work together to maintain homeostasis Both the endocrine and nervous systems use chemical signals to communicate and regulate the body's physiology. The endocrine system releases hormones that act on target cells to regulate development, growth, energy metabolism, reproduction, and many behaviors. The nervous system releases neurotransmitters or neurohormones that regulate neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells. Because the neurons can regulate the release of hormones, the nervous and endocrine systems work in a coordinated manner to regulate the body's physiology. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis The hypothalamus in vertebrates integrates the endocrine and nervous systems. The hypothalamus is an endocrine organ located in the diencephalon of the brain. It receives input from the body and other bra...

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Chapter Objectives This chapter will enable you to identify the: • • Cell types of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary or pars distalis) and neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary or pars nervosa) • Components and cell types of the thyroid and parathyroid glands • Regions and cell types of the suprarenal cortex and suprarenal medulla • Pancreatic islets (Islets of Langerhans) within the pancreas • Components and cell types of the pineal gland Characteristics of Endocrine Glands An endocrine gland is defined as a ductless gland that releases its secretions directly onto the surface of the cell or directly into the lymphoid system, interstitial fluids, or bloodstream. Whether the endocrine gland constitutes only a small portion of the gland (as in the pancreas) or makes up the majority of the gland, all endocrine glands share several characteristics: • The cells secreting the hormones possess either neural, epithelial, or epithelioid characteristics. • All endocrine glands are richly vascularized. • The glands either lack ducts or the ducts do not communicate with the endocrine portion of the organ. Endocrine glands produce three major types of hormones: (1) steroids, (2) proteins or polypeptides, and (3) neurotransmitter substances. The ultrastructure of these cells will mirror the type of hormone produced. Although the ultrastructure of endocrine cells is not visible with the light microscope, it will affect the histological characteristics of the cells. Steroid hormones...

×Top Health Categories • Coronavirus Disease COVID-19 • Gastrointestinal Health • Artificial Intelligence • Heart Disease • Mpox • High Blood Pressure • Allergies • Lung Cancer • Alzheimer's & Dementia • Mental Health • Arthritis & Rheumatology • Pregnancy • Breast Cancer • Type 1 Diabetes • Cold, Flu & Cough • Type 2 Diabetes • Diet & Nutrition • Sexual Health • Eating Disorders • Sleep • Eye Health • By Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta, Ph.D. Reviewed by Endocrinology is a field of physiology and medicine that deals with endocrine glands and hormones of the body. The discovery of the endocrine system has a long history that involves a wide variety of unusual experiments, conflicting opinions, as well as mutual agreements. History of discovery of hormones The history of endocrinology can be broadly classified into three phases: the 1st phase of description of endocrines, the 2nd phase of analytical endocrinology, and the 3rd phase of synthetic endocrinology. In 17th and 18th centuries, the practice of castration was probably the first evident history of endocrinology. People used to undergo castration (termination of testicular activity) before puberty to maintain pure and forceful voice and enhance breathing control. The practice came to an end in the 20th century when people understood that there were many adverse side-effects, such as loss of temporal hair recession, longer than normal length of arms and legs, etc. In 1849, Berthold, a German physiologist, conducted some exper...

Abstract Importance Identification and preservation of parathyroid glands (PGs) remain challenging despite advances in surgical techniques. Considerable morbidity and even mortality result from hypoparathyroidism caused by devascularization or inadvertent removal of PGs. Emerging imaging technologies hold promise to improve identification and preservation of PGs during thyroid surgery. Observation This narrative review (1) comprehensively reviews PG identification and vascular assessment using near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF)—both label free and in combination with indocyanine green—based on a comprehensive literature review and (2) offers a manual for possible implementation these emerging technologies in thyroid surgery. Conclusions and Relevance Emerging technologies hold promise to improve PG identification and preservation during thyroidectomy. Future research should address variables affecting the degree of fluorescence in NIRAF, standardization of signal quantification, definitions and standardization of parameters of indocyanine green injection that correlate with postoperative PG function, the financial effect of these emerging technologies on near-term and longer-term costs, the adoption learning curve and effect on surgical training, and long-term outcomes of key quality metrics in adequately powered randomized clinical trials evaluating PG preservation. Citation Silver Karcioglu AL , Triponez F , Solórzano CC, et al. Emerging Imaging Technologies for Para...