Lab diagnosis of cholera

Background Cholera continues to pose a problem for low-resource, fragile and humanitarian contexts. Evidence suggests that 2.86 million cholera cases and 95,000 deaths due to cholera are reported annually. Without quick and effective diagnosis and treatment, case-fatality may be 50%. In line with the priorities of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy and other test characteristics of current tests for cholera detection in stool and water. Methods We searched 11 bibliographic and grey literature databases. Data was extracted on test sensitivity, specificity and other product information. Meta-analyses of sensitivity and specificity were conducted for tests reported in three or more studies. Where fewer studies reported a test, estimates were summarised through narrative synthesis. Risk of Bias was assessed using QUADAS-2. Results Searches identified 6,637 records; 41 studies reporting on 28 tests were included. Twenty-two tests had both sensitivities and specificities reported above 95% by at least one study, but there was, overall, wide variation in reported diagnostic accuracy across studies. For the three tests where meta-analyses were possible the highest sensitivity meta-estimate was found in the Cholera Screen test (98.6%, CI: 94.7%-99.7%) and the highest specificity meta-estimate in the Crystal VC on enriched samples (98.3%, CI: 92.8%-99.6%). There was a general lack of evidence regar...

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. People typically acquire cholera from contaminated water. Most people with cholera have few or no symptoms, but some will experience severe diarrhea and dehydration. In severe cases, immediate treatment is necessary because death can occur within hours. This can happen even if you were healthy before you contracted cholera. Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in parts of Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East. According to the Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters are at the greatest risk of a cholera outbreak. That’s because these conditions tend to force people to live in crowded areas without proper sanitation. Most people with cholera have no symptoms at all or mild to moderate ones. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), only Symptoms of cholera may include: • sudden onset of • • • The dehydration associated with cholera is often • • moodiness • • • shriveled skin • • • • Dehydration may cause the loss of minerals in your blood, which can result in an The first symptom of an electrolyte imbalance is severe In children Children with cholera usually have the same symptoms as adults. Children may also experience: • severe • • • Cholera is caused by the bacteria V. cholerae. The disease’s deadly effects are the result of cholera toxin (CTX), a strong toxin that’s produce...

Cholera is a bacterial infection that's caused by a microbe that thrives in water. People who become seriously ill with cholera may become dehydrated very quickly due to explosive diarrhea and vomiting. Not everyone who contracts cholera becomes this sick, but those who do are at risk of dying if they aren't treated quickly. Signs of dehydration include skin turgor (meaning a section of skin that's pinched and is slow to return to normal position), sunken eyes, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and weight loss. Shock can occur when the loss of fluid causes the circulatory system to collapse because there isn't as much blood, as usual, to flow through. Cholera doesn't usually cause a fever. Causes The Vibrio cholerae. A person usually becomes infected with this bacteria by drinking water that's contaminated with feces fromsomeone else who's infected. The bacteria also can be transmitted via foods that have been washed or prepared with contaminated water. It sometimes is transmitted via raw or undercooked shellfish. Person-to-person transmission is unlikely. People who are at risk of shock may need intravenous fluids to speed up the rate at which their bodies are replenished, however. These seriously ill patients also may be given antibiotics to help get rid of the V. cholerae bacteria as quickly as possible, so that both the need for fluids and the amount of time the bacteria is present in their stool can be decreased. Prevention Although most cholera infections aren't ...

Key facts • Most of those infected will have no or mild symptoms and can be successfully treated with oral rehydration solution. • A global strategy on cholera control, Ending Cholera: a global roadmap to 2030, with a target to reduce cholera deaths by 90% was launched in 2017. • Researchers have estimated that each year there are 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera (1) • Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated. • Provision of safe water and sanitation is critical to prevent and control the transmission of cholera and other waterborne diseases. • Severe cases will need rapid treatment with intravenous fluids and antibiotics. • Oral cholera vaccines should be used in conjunction with improvements in water and sanitation to control cholera outbreaks and for prevention in areas known to be high risk for cholera. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Symptoms Cholera is an extremely virulent disease that can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea. It takes between 12 hours and 5 days for a person to show symptoms after ingesting contaminated food or water (2). Cholera affects both children and adults and can kill within hours if untreated. Most people infected with V. cholerae do not dev...

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. People typically acquire cholera from contaminated water. Most people with cholera have few or no symptoms, but some will experience severe diarrhea and dehydration. In severe cases, immediate treatment is necessary because death can occur within hours. This can happen even if you were healthy before you contracted cholera. Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in parts of Asia, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East. According to the Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters are at the greatest risk of a cholera outbreak. That’s because these conditions tend to force people to live in crowded areas without proper sanitation. Most people with cholera have no symptoms at all or mild to moderate ones. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), only Symptoms of cholera may include: • sudden onset of • • • The dehydration associated with cholera is often • • moodiness • • • shriveled skin • • • • Dehydration may cause the loss of minerals in your blood, which can result in an The first symptom of an electrolyte imbalance is severe In children Children with cholera usually have the same symptoms as adults. Children may also experience: • severe • • • Cholera is caused by the bacteria V. cholerae. The disease’s deadly effects are the result of cholera toxin (CTX), a strong toxin that’s produce...

Key facts • Most of those infected will have no or mild symptoms and can be successfully treated with oral rehydration solution. • A global strategy on cholera control, Ending Cholera: a global roadmap to 2030, with a target to reduce cholera deaths by 90% was launched in 2017. • Researchers have estimated that each year there are 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera (1) • Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated. • Provision of safe water and sanitation is critical to prevent and control the transmission of cholera and other waterborne diseases. • Severe cases will need rapid treatment with intravenous fluids and antibiotics. • Oral cholera vaccines should be used in conjunction with improvements in water and sanitation to control cholera outbreaks and for prevention in areas known to be high risk for cholera. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Symptoms Cholera is an extremely virulent disease that can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea. It takes between 12 hours and 5 days for a person to show symptoms after ingesting contaminated food or water (2). Cholera affects both children and adults and can kill within hours if untreated. Most people infected with V. cholerae do not dev...

Background Cholera continues to pose a problem for low-resource, fragile and humanitarian contexts. Evidence suggests that 2.86 million cholera cases and 95,000 deaths due to cholera are reported annually. Without quick and effective diagnosis and treatment, case-fatality may be 50%. In line with the priorities of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy and other test characteristics of current tests for cholera detection in stool and water. Methods We searched 11 bibliographic and grey literature databases. Data was extracted on test sensitivity, specificity and other product information. Meta-analyses of sensitivity and specificity were conducted for tests reported in three or more studies. Where fewer studies reported a test, estimates were summarised through narrative synthesis. Risk of Bias was assessed using QUADAS-2. Results Searches identified 6,637 records; 41 studies reporting on 28 tests were included. Twenty-two tests had both sensitivities and specificities reported above 95% by at least one study, but there was, overall, wide variation in reported diagnostic accuracy across studies. For the three tests where meta-analyses were possible the highest sensitivity meta-estimate was found in the Cholera Screen test (98.6%, CI: 94.7%-99.7%) and the highest specificity meta-estimate in the Crystal VC on enriched samples (98.3%, CI: 92.8%-99.6%). There was a general lack of evidence regar...

Cholera is a bacterial infection that's caused by a microbe that thrives in water. People who become seriously ill with cholera may become dehydrated very quickly due to explosive diarrhea and vomiting. Not everyone who contracts cholera becomes this sick, but those who do are at risk of dying if they aren't treated quickly. Signs of dehydration include skin turgor (meaning a section of skin that's pinched and is slow to return to normal position), sunken eyes, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, and weight loss. Shock can occur when the loss of fluid causes the circulatory system to collapse because there isn't as much blood, as usual, to flow through. Cholera doesn't usually cause a fever. Causes The Vibrio cholerae. A person usually becomes infected with this bacteria by drinking water that's contaminated with feces fromsomeone else who's infected. The bacteria also can be transmitted via foods that have been washed or prepared with contaminated water. It sometimes is transmitted via raw or undercooked shellfish. Person-to-person transmission is unlikely. People who are at risk of shock may need intravenous fluids to speed up the rate at which their bodies are replenished, however. These seriously ill patients also may be given antibiotics to help get rid of the V. cholerae bacteria as quickly as possible, so that both the need for fluids and the amount of time the bacteria is present in their stool can be decreased. Prevention Although most cholera infections aren't ...

Background Cholera continues to pose a problem for low-resource, fragile and humanitarian contexts. Evidence suggests that 2.86 million cholera cases and 95,000 deaths due to cholera are reported annually. Without quick and effective diagnosis and treatment, case-fatality may be 50%. In line with the priorities of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy and other test characteristics of current tests for cholera detection in stool and water. Methods We searched 11 bibliographic and grey literature databases. Data was extracted on test sensitivity, specificity and other product information. Meta-analyses of sensitivity and specificity were conducted for tests reported in three or more studies. Where fewer studies reported a test, estimates were summarised through narrative synthesis. Risk of Bias was assessed using QUADAS-2. Results Searches identified 6,637 records; 41 studies reporting on 28 tests were included. Twenty-two tests had both sensitivities and specificities reported above 95% by at least one study, but there was, overall, wide variation in reported diagnostic accuracy across studies. For the three tests where meta-analyses were possible the highest sensitivity meta-estimate was found in the Cholera Screen test (98.6%, CI: 94.7%-99.7%) and the highest specificity meta-estimate in the Crystal VC on enriched samples (98.3%, CI: 92.8%-99.6%). There was a general lack of evidence regar...

Key facts • Most of those infected will have no or mild symptoms and can be successfully treated with oral rehydration solution. • A global strategy on cholera control, Ending Cholera: a global roadmap to 2030, with a target to reduce cholera deaths by 90% was launched in 2017. • Researchers have estimated that each year there are 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera (1) • Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated. • Provision of safe water and sanitation is critical to prevent and control the transmission of cholera and other waterborne diseases. • Severe cases will need rapid treatment with intravenous fluids and antibiotics. • Oral cholera vaccines should be used in conjunction with improvements in water and sanitation to control cholera outbreaks and for prevention in areas known to be high risk for cholera. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Symptoms Cholera is an extremely virulent disease that can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea. It takes between 12 hours and 5 days for a person to show symptoms after ingesting contaminated food or water (2). Cholera affects both children and adults and can kill within hours if untreated. Most people infected with V. cholerae do not dev...