Spodoptera litura

Spodoptera In the case of Spodoptera, two forms of 3-dehydroecdysone 3α-reductase have been observed during purification, a 26 kDa form that may be a trimer with an apparent Mr of approximately 76 kDa and a second 51 kDa form that appears to be a monomer by gel filtration (Chen et al., 1999a). From: Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2017 Related terms: • Bacillus Thuringiensis • Genus • Pheromone • Baculovirus • Midgut • Insecticide • Caterpillar B.A. FEDERICI, in Handbook of Biological Control, 1999 Spodoptera NPVs for Control of Spodoptera Species The Spodoptera complex consists of important species that attack a wide variety of field and vegetable crops. The most improtant pests include S. exigua, S. frugiperda, S. litura, and S. littoralis. Each of these is attacked by an NPV that is fairly specific, and isolates of several of these have been developed in different regions of the world for Spodoptera control. For vegetable crops, the SeNPV has been developed for control of S. exigua on vegetable and ornamental crops. Thermo-Triology currently produces this virus under the trade name Spod-X, and the product is used to control S. exigua on chrysanthemumns in greenhouses in the Netherlands, and on vegetable crops in Thailand, with application rates typically ranging from 100 to 300 LE per hectare depending on the crop and insect pressure. It is also being evaluated for use on cotton in the United States. Total area treated at present is quite small, amounting to less tha...

( • Noctua litura Fabricius, 1775 • Noctua histrionica Fabricius, 1775 • Noctua elata Fabricius, 1781 • Prodenia ciligera Guenée, 1852 • Prodenia tasmanica Guenée, 1852 • Prodenia subterminalis Walker, 1856 • Prodenia glaucistriga Walker, 1856 • Prodenia declinata Walker, 1857 • Mamestra albisparsa Walker, 1862 • Prodenia evanescens Butler, 1884 • Orthosia conjuncta Rebel, 1921 Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal S. litura is a serious S. litura are of economic importance. S. litura is often confused with its close relative, Description [ ] Sex differences [ ] Morphology [ ] There are slight but obvious differences in morphology between males and females of S. litura that allow for the easy differentiation of the two sexes. Male forewing length is 1⁄ 2– 5⁄ 8in) while female forewing length is slightly larger and measures 15–18 millimetres ( 5⁄ 8– 3⁄ 4in). The orbicular spot on the forewing is also more pronounced in the males. • Male Differences in food regulation [ ] Regulation of macro nutrient input differs between males and females. Experimental results show that when S. litura are presented with two nutritionally complementary diet options, one rich in protein and a second rich in carbohydrates, females tend to consume more protein than males while no differences in carbohydrates exist. Body utilization of the macro nutrients differed as well. Females were very efficient at converting the protein consumed into b...

The paper in Nature Ecology & Evolution is here: The tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura, a noctuid, is a widespread and highly pestiferous phylogenetic group which had received little attention in the genome community at the time. After deep consideration of “Why S. litura?” we decided to design the study as a direct comparison of genomic differences between the highly polyphagous tobacco cutworm, which feeds on more than 100 host plants, and the almost monophagous domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, which feeds only on mulberry ( Morus) and its close relatives. We speculated that this approach would yield insights into the genomic underpinnings of host plant specialization and possibly reveal a kind of “master system” or strategy polyphagous insects have evolved to deal with their host plants’ diverse defenses against herbivory. Our plan required the annotation of chemosensory and detoxification related gene families of B. mori and S. litura as a comparison between extreme examples. This turned out to be a huge effort, leading the original team to ask for the help of many specialists who contributed extensively to the analysis of olfactory (ORs) and gustatory receptors (GRs) and cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (COE), enzymes that insects typically use to detoxify plant allelochemicals and insecticides. Thus emerged a detailed picture of the expansion, chromosomal organization, and phylogenetic relatedness of numerous genes and gene fa...

Background Allatotropin, a neuropeptide found in several invertebrates indirectly regulates vitellogenesis by stimulating juvenile hormone biosynthesis by the corpora allata. Here, we cloned and expressed the gene encoding allatotropin of Spodoptera litura (tobacco cutworm), a polyphagous pest in the Asian tropics. This study is aimed at studying the effect of recombinant protein on egg-laying in females of S. litura as it could be used as a method to control the pests from a reproductive perspective. Results The protein encodes a full-length open reading frame consisting of 173 amino acids and was rich in arginine (10%) and glutamic acid (9.3%). The theoretical pI of the protein was 5.47 and a hydrophobic signal peptide of 22 residues was predicted. The recombinant allatotropin was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE 3) and purified by nickel exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of the recombinant protein was about 37Â kDa and expression levels up to 5.3Â mg/ml were achieved. Injection assay in vitro indicated that allatotropin induces egg-laying during the first scotophase after treatment in females of Spodoptera litura. Conclusion Allatotropin induces egg-laying in female moths and could be a potential molecule for the development of control strategies against Spodoptera litura. In this strategy, the protein if delivered to the females before mating may lead to accelerated egg deposition much before she encounters the male moths, thus the population being ch...

Main conclusion Metabolite profiling, biochemical assays, and transcript analysis revealed differential modulation of specific induced defense responses in local, older, and younger systemic leaves in Solanum lycopersicum upon Spodoptera litura herbivory. Plants reconfigure their metabolome upon herbivory to induce production of defense metabolites involved in both direct and indirect defenses against insect herbivores. Herbivory mediated leaf-to-leaf systemic induction pattern of primary and non-volatile secondary metabolites is not well studied in tomato. Here, we show that, in cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum herbivory by generalist insect, Spodoptera litura results in differential alteration of primary metabolites, majorly sugars and amino acids and specific secondary metabolites in local, younger, and older systemic leaves. Cluster analysis of 55 metabolites identified by GC–MS showed correlation between local and younger systemic leaves. Re-allocation of primary metabolites like glucose and amino acids from the local to systemic leaf was observed. Secondary metabolites chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and catechin were significantly induced during herbivory in systemic leaves. Among specific secondary metabolites, chlorogenic acid and catechin significantly inhibits S. litura larval growth in all stages. Local leaf exhibited increased lignin accumulation upon herbivory. Differential alteration of induced defense responses like reactive oxygen species, polyphenol...

• Article • • 05 March 2021 Circadian regulation of night feeding and daytime detoxification in a formidable Asian pest Spodoptera litura • • • • • • • • • • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-3370 • • … • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9643-0165 Show authors Communications Biology volume 4, Article number: 286 ( 2021) Voracious feeding, trans-continental migration and insecticide resistance make Spodoptera litura among the most difficult Asian agricultural pests to control. Larvae exhibit strong circadian behavior, feeding actively at night and hiding in soil during daytime. The daily pattern of larval metabolism was reversed, with higher transcription levels of genes for digestion (amylase, protease, lipase) and detoxification (CYP450s, GSTs, COEs) in daytime than at night. To investigate the control of these processes, we annotated nine essential clock genes and analyzed their transcription patterns, followed by functional analysis of their coupling using siRNA knockdown of interlocked negative feedback system core and repressor genes ( SlituClk, SlituBmal1 and SlituCwo). Based on phase relationships and overexpression in cultured cells the controlling mechanism seems to involve direct coupling of the circadian processes to E-boxes in responding promoters. Additional manipulations involving exposure to the neonicotinoid imidacloprid suggested that insecticide application must be based on chronotoxicological considerations for optimal effectiveness. Spodoptera litura belo...

Background The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius is a leaf and fruit feeding generalist insect of the order Lepidoptera and a destructive agriculture pest. The broad host range of the herbivore is due to its ability to downregulate plant defense across different plants. The identity of Spodoptera litura released effectors that downregulate plant defense are largely unknown. The current study aims to identify genes encoding effector proteins from salivary glands of S. litura (Fab.). Results Head and salivary glands of Spodoptera litura were used for de-novo transcriptome analysis and effector prediction. Eight hundred ninety-nine proteins from the head and 330 from salivary gland were identified as secretory proteins. Eight hundred eight proteins from the head and 267 from salivary gland proteins were predicted to be potential effector proteins. Conclusions This study is the first report on identification of potential effectors from Spodoptera litura salivary glands. Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Order-Lepidoptera) or common cutworm is one of the most destructive insect pest of agricultural crops, with more than 120 host plants globally [ S. litura is responsible for 10–30% reduction in the yield of various crops due to vigorous defoliation and fruit feeding [ Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall armyworm) is a devastating pest and has caused USD 3–6 billion annual damage to maize and other African food staples [ As they feed, caterpillars use oral secretion (OS) to tra...

The antibiosis effect of gallic acid on Spodoptera litura F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its parasitoid evaluated by feeding six days old larvae on artificial diet incorporated with different concentrations (5 ppm, 25 ppm, 125 ppm, 625 ppm, 3125 ppm) of the phenolic compound revealed higher concentration (LC 50) of gallic acid had a negative impact on the survival and physiology of S. litura and its parasitoid Bracon hebetor (Say) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae). The mortality of S. litura larvae was increased whereas adult emergence declined with increasing concentration of gallic acid. The developmental period was delayed significantly and all the nutritional indices were reduced significantly with increase in concentration. Higher concentration (LC 50) of gallic acid adversely affected egg hatching, larval mortality, adult emergence and total development period of B. hebetor. At lower concentration (LC 30) the effect on B. hebetor adults and larvae was non-significant with respect to control. Gene expression for the enzymes viz ., Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase, Peroxidase, Esterases and Glutathione S transferases increased while the total hemocyte count of S. litura larvae decreased with treatment. Our findings suggest that gallic acid even at lower concentration (LC 30) can impair the growth of S. litura larvae without causing any significant harm to its parasitoid B. hebetor and has immense potential to be used as biopesticides. Parasitoids have a very close ...