Lung and tree

Overview Aspergillosis is an infection caused by a type of mold (fungus). The illnesses resulting from aspergillosis infection usually affect the respiratory system, but their signs and severity vary greatly. The mold that triggers the illnesses, aspergillus, is everywhere — indoors and outdoors. Most strains of this mold are harmless, but a few can cause serious illnesses when people with weakened immune systems, underlying lung disease or asthma inhale their fungal spores. In some people, the spores trigger an allergic reaction. Other people develop mild to serious lung infections. The most serious form of aspergillosis — invasive aspergillosis — occurs when the infection spreads to blood vessels and beyond. Depending on the type of aspergillosis, treatment may involve observation, antifungal medications or, in rare cases, surgery. Symptoms The signs and symptoms of aspergillosis vary with the type of illness you develop: Allergic reaction Some people with asthma or cystic fibrosis have an allergic reaction to aspergillus mold. Signs and symptoms of this condition, known as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, include: • Fever • A cough that may bring up blood or plugs of mucus • Worsening asthma Aspergilloma Certain chronic lung (pulmonary) conditions, such as emphysema, tuberculosis or advanced sarcoidosis, can cause air spaces (cavities) to form in the lungs. When people with lung cavities are also infected with aspergillus, fungus fibers may find their way into t...

• You inhale air into your mouth or nose. • The air travels down the trachea (windpipe). • The air travels through the airways ( bronchi) into your lungs. • The air is directed through smaller and smaller passages ( bronchioles). • The air moves through a tiny duct (alveolar duct) and finally enters an individual alveolus (the singular of alveoli). • At this point, the oxygen molecules move through a single layer of lung cells in the alveolus. From there, they travel through a single cell layer in a • CO 2 is a byproduct of the process in cells that uses oxygen to make energy. As oxygen moves out of the alveolus, CO 2 molecules pass into it. Then, they are breathed out of your body through your nose or mouth. • Overdistention is overstretching of the alveoli. A healthy connective tissue support system usually prevents this, but the use of a respirator to help a patient breathe (mechanical ventilation) can push tissue past healthy limits. • Surfactant dysfunction: Medical conditions like respiratory distress syndrome in infants and some genetic conditions can negatively impact the fluid that prevents the alveoli from collapsing. Diseases that hurt the alveoli can affect more than just your respiratory health. Damaged alveoli deliver less oxygen to tissues ( hypoxia), which can damage every major organ. Pneumonia Pneumoniais a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. Pneumonia causes inflammation in the alveoli in one or both lungs. • Quitting smokin...

• Resource • • 08 June 2023 An integrated cell atlas of the lung in health and disease • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9686-6295 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-1727 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7744-8565 • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3659-4387 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6747-7928 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8725-2555 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1555-3153 • • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1593-2674 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7379-9093 • • • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1690-9027 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5030-1643 • • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3152-8978 • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5697-6991 • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5502-9172 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2977-2189 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-002X • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-7985 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3164-6448 • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5656-7634 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3521-5322 • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3067-3711 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8794-5319 • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5917-4601 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1976-5471 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9398-5034 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6304-6848 • • • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6313-3570 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8685-4263 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6277-2036 • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0756-6643 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4146-6363 • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1668-5174 • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-027X • • ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-6483 • OR...

The trachea is about 4.5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter, and is comprised of smooth muscle and several c-shaped rings of cartilage. The rings of cartilage provide stability and help to prevent the trachea from collapsing and blocking off the airways. The trachea extends from the neck and divides into two main bronchi. Bronchi Structurally similar to the trachea, the two primary bronchi are located inside the lungs. The right bronchus is slightly larger than the left one. Because of this, foreign objects breathed into the lungs often end up in the right bronchus. The bronchi are lined with the same type of mucus that lines the rest of the respiratory tract. Deeper into the lungs, each bronchus is further divided into five smaller, secondary bronchi, which provide air to the lobes of the lungs. The secondary bronchi continue to branch off to form the tertiary bronchi, which are further divided into terminal bronchioles. There are as many as 30,000 tiny bronchioles in each lung. They lead to the alveoli by way of alveolar ducts. Bronchial tree Together, the trachea and the two primary bronchi are referred to as the bronchial tree. At the end of the bronchial tree lie the alveolar ducts, the alveolar sacs, and the alveoli. The tubes that make up the bronchial tree perform the same function as the trachea: they distribute air to the lungs. The alveoli are responsible for the primary function of the lungs, which is exchanging carbon dioxide and oxygen. A layer of protective ...

To sustain life, the body must produce sufficient energy. Energy is produced by burning molecules in food, which is done by the process of oxidation (whereby food molecules are combined with oxygen). Oxidation involves carbon and hydrogen being combined with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. The consumption of oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide are thus indispensable to life. It follows that the human body must have an organ system designed to Exchanging Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide The primary function of the respiratory system is to take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and reaches the alveoli. The layers of cells lining the alveoli... read more from the circulating blood and absorb oxygen from the atmosphere at a rate rapid enough for the body’s needs, even during peak exercise. The respiratory system enables oxygen to enter the body and carbon dioxide to leave the body. The respiratory system starts at the nose and mouth and continues through the airways and the lungs. Air enters the respiratory system through the nose and mouth and passes down the throat (pharynx) and through the voice box, or larynx. The entrance to the larynx is covered by a small flap of tissue, the epiglottis, that automatically closes during swallowing, thus preventing food or drink from entering the airways. The bronchi themselves branch many times into smaller airways, ending in the narrowest airways (bronchioles), which are as small as one ha...

Lungs by Anatomy Next The lungs (plural in Latin: pulmones, singular: pulmo) are the main respiratory organs located in the thorax . There are two lungs in the human body - right and left. They are expandable organs with a spongy structure that occupy most of the thoracic cavity and are situated on both sides of the mediastinum . The lungs are the central organs of the respiratory system and, at the same time, the terminal part of the respiratory tract. The main function of the lungs is to provide gas exchange between the atmosphere and blood by uptaking oxygen from the inhaled air and removing carbon dioxide from the blood. The lungs are surrounded by a serous membrane called pleura. It consists of two layers - visceral and parietal. The visceral pleura is fused with the surfaces of the lungs, while the parietal pleura covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall. Between both layers is a space called the pleural cavity. This space is filled with serous fluid that produces surface tension, so the lungs would expand when the thorax expands during inhalation. Also, it provides lubrication between both layers of pleura. Lung anatomy Both lungs are separated from each other by the heart and other structures of the mediastinum, and they are surrounded by the thoracic cage. Each lung appears somewhat conical-shaped, with a rounded apex pointed upwards and a flat base directed downwards. The base of the lung rests on the convex thoracic surface of the diaphragm. Lung anatomy by...

The tracheobronchial tree is the branching tree of airways beginning at the When described as an inverted tree, the tracheobronchial tree constitutes: • the trunk: the • two major branches: the • several intermediate branches: the • many further consistent smaller and smaller subdivisions, terminating in the alveoli in the peripheral of the lungs Article: • • • • • • Images: • Gross anatomy At the level of the tertiary segmental bronchi , sections of lung called Bronchopulmonary segments are independently supplied by a single segmental bronchus and a tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery, which both enter the segment at its apex. Venous drainage occurs through intersegmental tributaries of the Peripheral to the segmental bronchi there are 20 - 25 further branchings into conducting bronchioles, and finally Respiratory bronchioles contain numerous small thin-walled Further subdivision occurs beyond the respiratory bronchioles, to alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs. Lastly, alveoli are the single basic structural unit responsible for gas exchange in the lung. There are approximately 300 million alveoli in the lungs of normal young adults. Arterial supply The trachea is supplied by tracheal arteries, branches of the Venous drainage Venous drainage occurs via the Lymphatic drainage The tracheobronchial tree is drained by lymphatic channels which course along the bronchi and pulmonary arteries towards the hilum. Ultimately these drain to hilar lymph nodes and then ascend to the ...