Montreal protocol and vienna convention deal with

In 1974 scientists published their first scientific hypotheses that chemicals we produced could harm the stratospheric ozone layer. The ozone layer protects the earth against excessive ultraviolet radiation, which could cause damage and mutations in human, plant, and animal cells. The scientists found that the chlorofluorocarbon gases (CFCs), which were widely used and viewed as posing no harm, could migrate to the stratosphere, remain intact for decades to centuries, and by releasing chlorine, break down the ozone layer. In 1977 the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) concluded a World Plan of Action on the Ozone Layer, which called for intensive international research and monitoring of the ozone layer, and in 1981, UNEP’s Governing Council authorized UNEP to draft a global framework convention on stratospheric ozone protection. The Vienna Convention, concluded in 1985, is a framework agreement in which States agree to cooperate in relevant research and scientific assessments of the ozone problem, to exchange information, and to adopt “appropriate measures” to prevent activities that harm the ozone layer. The obligations are general and contain no specific limits on chemicals that deplete the ozone layer. During the Vienna Convention negotiations, countries discussed a possible protocol that would provide specific targets for certain chemicals, but no consensus was reached. The UNEP regional seas agreements had provided a precedent in which States negotiated a fra...

Nairobi, 14 July 2020 - The th nation to ratify the Amendment, providing a welcome boost to global climate action. The Amendment targets a massive reduction in the use of HFCs, which became widely-used refrigerant substitutes for ozone-depleting substances that have been phased out under the Montreal Protocol. HFCs are climate-warming gases with significant global warming potential. Liberia became the latest country to ratify the amendment, part of an accelerating trend of nations approving the treaty and beginning work on phasing down the gases; Mali was the first to ratify the Amendment in 2017, followed by Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands and Rwanda. The European Union – along with most of its member states – was a single block of parties to the Montreal Protocol; along with others, this made it possible for the Amendment to enter into force on 1 January 2019. Other recent parties to ratify the Amendment include Bangladesh, Sierra Leone, the Holy See and Romania. “As we deal with the impacts of the global pandemic, it is crucial not to forget climate action,” said Inger Andersen, Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme. “Climate change could cause even more misery and disruption than COVID-19; we must be resolute in our efforts to limit it. “The Kigali Amendment reaching 100 ratifications is therefore great news. The Amendment is a powerful tool for keeping our planet cool. I thank those states which have ratified it and encourage ...

• Replacement of CELEX identifiers by short titles - experimental feature. It replaces clickable CELEX identifiers of treaties and case-law by short titles. • Visualisation of document relationships. It displays a dynamic graph with relations between the act and related documents. It is currently only available for legal acts. • Deep linking. It enables links to other legal acts referred to within the documents. It is currently only available for documents smaller than 900 KB. Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer SUMMARY OF: WHAT IS THE AIM OF THE PROTOCOL AND THE DECISION? • The Montreal Protocol (to the • Because ODSs are also potent greenhouse gases, the phase-out is also critical to mitigating climate change. Moreover, despite the fact that hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) do not deplete the ozone, the protocol seeks to phase down their production and consumption to avoid that ODSs are replaced by the HFCs which contribute significantly to climate change. • The Montreal Protocol was agreed in 1987 and entered into force in 1989. It has been amended several times. Its most recent amendment, the Kigali Amendment calls for the gradual phase-down of HFCs. • Emissions from HFCs are covered by the • Decision 88/540/EEC gives the EU’s legal approval for the KEY POINTS • The EU and the EU countries are Parties to the Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol. • The Protocol includes provisions relating to: • control measures (Article 2) • calculation of cont...

An international consensus now exists on the desirability of a global greenhouse-gas convention and associated protocols. The principal goal of these international agreements should be to implement effective responses to the threat of global warming as rapidly as possible through the establishment of specific obligations designed to reverse the ongoing atmospheric buildup of greenhouse gases. The fundamental requirements of an effective response are now clear, and the menu of policy options is already large. For this reason, a greenhouse-gas convention analogous to the Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer should establish global goals for future emissions of greenhouse gases, and at a minimum for CO2. This agreement should also address other institutional issues, such as assistance to developing countries and the establishment of efficacious decision-making processes. Protocols analogous to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer should be negotiated simultaneously with the convention. The purpose of these protocols should be to establish specific national requirements to assure attainment of global targets set out in the convention. AMBIO, a multidisciplinary English language journal, is indexed in more than 40 international databases, and is distributed in more than 100 countries worldwide. AMBIO is published in eight (8) issues per year. Among the subjects covered are: ecology, environmental economics, geology, geochemistry, ge...

The 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna Convention) and its 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol) were established to protect human health and the environment from the threat of ozone depletion. Both treaties have achieved universal ratification with 198 parties. The Vienna Convention calls on parties to cooperate on scientific research and observations. The Montreal Protocol controls 99 manufactured ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), most of which are also potent greenhouse gases. To date, the global implementation of the Montreal Protocol has led to the phase-out of 98.6 per cent of ODSs, or 1.75 million Ozone Depletion Potential tonnes, globally. The remaining 1.4 per cent (approximately 385,000 metric tonnes) is hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), with the commitment from developing countries to achieve full phase-out of these substances by 2030. The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which entered into force on 1 January 2019, added 18 hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to the list of controlled substances. While HFCs do not destroy ozone, they are potent greenhouse gases. Thus, the HFC phase-down under the Kigali Amendment will make a significant contribution to mitigating climate change. The Secretariat for the Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol submits this report to the 2021 High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF), in response to the invitation from the Pres...