Scrub typhus

Scrub Typhus is an acute infectious disease spread among human beings through bites of infected chiggers or trombiculid mites, which is mainly caused by the parasite family Rickettsiaceae. The bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi belongs to the Rickettsiaceae family is responsible for spreading the disease called Scrub Typhus. The bacterium R.tsutsugamushi acts as a causative agent of Scrub Typhus. The Leptotrombidium (Trombicula) akamushi and L. deliens are staying as vectors of the disease. The Scrub Typhus is also known as bush typhus. [Image will be Uploaded Soon] Origin of Scrub Typhus Scrub Typhus originated from Southeast Asia. This disease was first described in 1899, and scientists researched and investigated scrub typhus in 1906-1932. This disease invaded Japanese troops and killed thousands of troops during world war II. Scrub Typhus created much impact in the pacific region. Types of Typhus The Typus is a bacterial infection, mainly caused by rickettsia or orientia bacteria. It spreads to human beings through infected mites, fleas, or lice and creates typhus eschar. There are three types of Typhus. They are. Murine Typhus It is mainly caused by infected fleas and bites of rats. Most of the cases are reported from the United states. Epidemic Typhus Epidemic typhus, also called louse-borne typhus. This is one of the rarely spread infections, mainly caused due to the infected lice body. Another type of Scrub Typhus Scrub Typhus is mainly spread through infected chigger...

Medical condition Scrub typhus Other names Bush typhus, mite typhus, jungle typhus Scrub typhus or bush typhus is a form of Although the disease is similar in presentation to other forms of Signs and symptoms [ ] Signs and symptoms include O. tsutsugamushi can cause Causes [ ] Scrub typhus is transmitted by some species of trombiculid mites (" Scrub typhus is endemic to a part of the world known as the tsutsugamushi triangle (after The precise incidence of the disease is unknown, as diagnostic facilities are not available in much of its large native range, which spans vast regions of equatorial jungle to the subtropics. In rural Thailand and Laos, murine and scrub typhus account for around a quarter of all adults presenting to hospital with fever and negative blood cultures. It affects females more than males in Korea, but not in Japan, [ citation needed] Diagnosis [ ] In endemic areas, diagnosis is generally made on clinical grounds alone. However, overshadowing of the diagnosis is quite often as the clinical symptoms overlap with other infectious diseases such as [ citation needed] The choice of laboratory test is not straightforward, and all currently available tests have their limitations. Other methods include culture and Treatment [ ] Without treatment, the disease is often fatal. Since the use of antibiotics, case fatalities have decreased from 4–40% to less than 2%. [ citation needed] The drug most commonly used is Vaccine [ ] No licensed vaccines are available. An...

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing Affiliations Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos • Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing * E-mail: Affiliations Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Medicine, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland, Faculty of Medicine, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland Findings In prospective fever studies from Asia, scrub typhus is a leading cause of treatable non-malarial febrile illness. Sero-epidemiological data also suggest that Orientia tsutsugamushi infection is common across Asia, with seroprevalence ranging from 9.3%–27.9% (median 22.2% IQR 18.6–25.7). A substantial apparent rise in minimum disease incidence (median 4.6/100,000/10 years, highest in China with 11.2/100,000/10 years) was reported through passive national surveillance systems in South Korea, Japan, China, and Thailand. Case fatality risks from areas of reduced drug-susceptibility are reported at 12.2% and 13.6% fo...

Contributed equally to this work with: Emily Devasagayam, Divya Dayanand Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India • , Contributed equally to this work with: Emily Devasagayam, Divya Dayanand Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India • Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing * E-mail: Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India Background Scrub typhus, a vector-borne zoonotic infection caused by the bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi, is one of the most common and clinically important rickettsial infections worldwide. An estimated one million cases occur annually with a high case fatality rate. Although scrub typhus is a major public health threat in India, the burden and distribution remains unclear. We aimed to estimate the burden of scrub typhus in India. Methodology We performed a systematic review of published literature on s...

Purpose of Review Scrub typhus has recently assumed public importance. This article expounds current understanding of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Recent Findings It is a zoonotic disease caused by several strains of the rickettsial bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi and is spread by the bite of larvae of Leptotrombidium mites. Until recent times, the disease was confined to rural areas in the “tsutsugamushi triangle,” but now it is reported beyond it also. Pathogenesis involves endothelial injury with consequent vasculitis and systemic inflammatory response. It presents as fever with or without a wide range of complications. Multiorgan dysfunction carries high mortality. There are a number of accurate diagnostic modalities, and treatment of choice is doxycycline with several alternatives. There are concerns regarding emergence of drug resistance, and no vaccine is available. Summary Scrub typhus is resurging infection, and development of an effective control program and sensitization of medical community is the need of the hour. Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance • Richards AL, Jiang J. Scrub typhus: historic perspective and current status of the worldwide presence of Orientia Species. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020;5:49. • Kala D, Gupta S, Nagraik R, Verma V, Thakur A, Kaushal A. Diagnosis of scrub typhus: recent advancements and challenges. 3. Biotech. 20...